Fig 2: Determination of Grim-19 expression in decidual macrophages of RSA patients and the NP group, and the expression of autophagy related proteins. (A) The expression of Grim-19, Beclin1, LC3B II/I and BNIP3 in decidual macrophages of RSA patients (n = 10) and the NP group (n = 8) was examined through western blot analysis. GAPDH served as a loading control. (B) Quantification of Grim-19, Beclin1, LC3B II/I and BNIP3 expression through relative densities. Data are shown as the mean ± SD. ***p < 0.001, **p < 0.01, *p < 0.05.

Fig 3: Downregulation of GRIM-19 stimulates autophagy in murine macrophage RAW264.7 cells and THP-1-derived macrophages. (A) Representative western blotting images of GRIM-19, Beclin1, LC3B II/I and BNIP3 in RAW264.7 cells after downregulation of GRIM-19. GAPDH served as a loading control. (B) Quantification of GRIM-19, Beclin1, LC3B II/I and BNIP3 expression through relative densities. Data are shown as the mean ± SD. Three independent experiments were carried out. (C) Representative western blotting images of Grim-19, Beclin1, LC3B II/I and BNIP3 in THP-1 cells after downregulation of Grim-19. GAPDH served as a loading control. (D) Quantification of Grim-19, Beclin1, LC3B II/I and BNIP3 expression through relative densities. Data are shown as the mean ± SD. Three independent experiments were carried out. ***p < 0.001, **p < 0.01, *p < 0.05. (E) Autophagosomes were observed by TEM.